The garden in Britain features in Western European garden system which is a part of three typical garden styles of the world. In this article, I will give some rough information about English garden in 18th century and two typical gardens to represent the garden style at that time :Rousham and Croome Court.英国园林是世界三大园林体系中的西欧园林的典型代表。在这篇文章中，我会粗略得介绍一些关于18世纪英国园林的信息，并且通过两座典型的园林来阐述这个时期的英国园林的风格特征：Rousham和Croome Court。
At the beginning of 18th century,the garden still reflected the controlling nature which was highlighted in 17th century. Everything in garden was straight lines:canals, avenues and clipped trees,in order to show that the man was in charge. But then, around after a generation,everything was radically changed. Landscape began to be allowed in, and the grand and formal garden in 17th century was replaced.
18世纪初，英国园林始终保持着在17世纪被重点关注的特征：掌控世界。园林里的任何东西都是直线条的：水渠、林荫道、被修剪整齐的树，这是为了展现人类在掌控着自然。但是过了大约一代人之后，所有的元素都发生了彻底的变化。自然风景开始被园林囊括了，17世纪的宏大的、规则式的园林风格被取代了。
Rousham in Oxfordshire,the masterpiece of William Kent,which was built in around 1730s. Kent used to study and be trained at Italy,as a painter. When he returned to Britain and was employed to build the Rousham,he naturally mixed up the Italy architecture and features of Oxfordshire,replacing the formality. So it was easy to find quite a number of classical Roman statuses standing in the garden. Additionally,the ha-ha(a kind of sunk fence),a new garden architecture,appeared in English garden. It was a simple device,but it provided an unbroken view. When you looked over from eastern to western edge,you could always see what you wanted to see. Because there weren’t barriers,ditches or walls which stood in your sight. In short,it was a kind of liberation. And when you wanted to find an entrance into the garden,there were several narrow and dark ways:along the road lay various of dense trees,resisting the bright sunshine, leaving green and soft light. It created enough private zone for visitors so that they could touch the garden with their personal feelings.
牛津郡的Rousham大约被建在1730年代，这是威廉肯特的杰作。肯特曾经作为一位画家，在意大利学习，进行训练。当他回到英国并被雇用修建Rousham的时候，他自然地混合了意大利的建筑风格和牛津郡的建筑特征，取代了规则式的园林。因此在园林中很容易发现一些罗马风格的雕像。另外，一种新的园林建筑元素，名叫ha-ha的沉陷于地的墙，在英国园林中出现了。这是一种简单的装置，但是它提供给游客一种“没有被打破的观赏“。当你从园林的东边眺望向园林的西边时，你可以看到所有你想看的。因为没有任何障碍物、水渠或者是墙阻挡你的视线。总而言之，这也是一种意义上的解放。当你想要找到进入园林的入口时，这儿总是有好几条狭窄的、幽暗的小路：在路的周围是各种类的稠密的树，阻挡住了明亮的阳光，留下了绿柔柔的光。这为游客创造了足够的私人空间，可以让他们“私人”地感受园林。
(The ha-ha wall)
Croome Court was built in the middle of 18th century and made by“capability”Brown. It actually broke down the old formality as you saw flowing river in this garden with the rings of trees beside it. It appeared a complete sense of nature, but it took skill and artifice as much as the most controlled formal garden in 17th century. So why did this kind of nature and liberty take place in English garden instead of other European countries? In fact,at that time,Britain moved away from the politics of its European neighbors with a settled constitutional monarchy and more liberal philosophy. And this was expressed in the style of garden,dispensing with formality and creating a romanticized image of the rural landscape. To be specific,changes happened in the park: Before Croome Court,the park was used to fence the hunted deer,but Brown took the fence off and decorated the park with several elaborate trees,making the park gardened and managed. From now on,we can easily find that the fenced-off park inherited some elements from Kent’s ha-ha.
能人布朗在18世纪中期建起的Croome Court,他确实打破了旧有的规则式园林。当你看到Croome Court里面缓缓流动地河流，几棵树点缀在河流周围的时候，确实感受到一种完全的自然美，但是它却花了和17世纪那种规则式园林一样的多人力和技巧。因此为什么这种自然且自由的风格会出现在英国的园林，而不是其他国家的园林里呢？事实上，在那个时候，英国在政治上逐渐远离了其他的欧洲邻居，建立了君主立宪制，产生了更加自由解放的哲学思想。这种思想在园林风格中被表达的时候，就脱离了规则式，创造了浪漫化的乡村风景的影像。具体来说，改变发生在园子里，在Croome Court之前，园子被用来围住那些被猎到的鹿，但是能人布朗把篱墙拿掉，并且用几棵精美的树来点缀园林，让这个装鹿的园子更加的园林化。说到现在，我们可以容易地发现，这种去掉了篱墙的园子继承了一些自肯特的ha-ha元素。
The bravery in English garden of 18th century,which breaks the formality of 17th century and breaks through the restriction of garden’s space,appeals to me most. But this short article can’t summarize all the characters of garden in 18th century,I still hope it can appeal to readers and introduce them to explore the secret of English garden in 18th century.
18世纪的园林敢于打破规则式的园林的风格和园林空间上的限制的勇气始终吸引着我，然而短短的一篇文章并不能完整地概括出18世纪英国园林的全部特征，但希望能引起读者的兴趣，引导读者自己探寻18世纪英国园林的奥秘。
Time:2019-5-19
